孫子兵法 (中英對照) (3)


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送交者: sac 于 June 05, 2003 16:54:24:

行軍第九
IX. The Army on the March

孫子曰:凡處軍相敵,絕山依谷,
Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.

視生處高,戰隆無登,此處山之軍也。
Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.

絕水必遠水,
After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.

客絕水而來,勿迎之于水內,令半渡而擊之利,
When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.

欲戰者,無附于水而迎客,
If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.

視生處高,無迎水流,此處水上之軍也。
Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.

絕斥澤,唯亟去無留,
In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.

若交軍于斥澤之中,必依水草而背眾樹,此處斥澤之軍也。
If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.

平陸處易,右背高,前死后生,此處平陸之軍也。
In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.

凡此四軍之利,黃帝之所以胜四帝也。
These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.

凡軍好高而惡下,貴陽而賤陰,
All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.

養生而處實,軍無百疾,是謂必胜。
If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.

丘陵堤防,必處其陽而右背之,此兵之利,地之助也。
When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.

上雨水流至,欲涉者,待其定也。
When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.

凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙,必亟去之,勿近也。
Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.

吾遠之,敵近之﹔吾迎之,敵背之。
While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.

軍旁有險阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□薈者,必謹覆索之,此伏奸之所處也。
If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.

敵近而靜者,恃其險也﹔
When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.

遠而挑戰者,欲人之進也﹔
When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.

其所居易者,利也﹔
If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.

眾樹動者,來也﹔眾草多障者,疑也﹔
Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.

鳥起者,伏也﹔獸駭者,覆也﹔
The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.

塵高而銳者,車來也﹔卑而廣者,徒來也﹔散而條達者,樵采也﹔少而往來者,營軍也﹔
When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.

辭卑而備者,進也﹔辭強而進驅者,退也﹔
Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat.

輕車先出居其側者,陳也﹔
When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.

無約而請和者,謀也﹔
Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.

奔走而陳兵者,期也﹔
When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.

半進半退者,誘也﹔
When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.

杖而立者,饑也﹔
When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food.

汲而先飲者,渴也﹔
If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.

見利而不進者,勞也﹔
If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.

鳥集者,虛也﹔夜呼者,恐也﹔
If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness.

軍扰者,將不重也﹔旌旗動者,亂也﹔吏怒者,倦也﹔
If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.

殺馬肉食者,軍無糧也﹔懸□不返其舍者,窮寇也﹔
When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.

諄諄□□,徐与人言者,失眾也﹔
The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.

數賞者,窘也﹔數罰者,困也﹔
Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.

先暴而后畏其眾者,不精之至也﹔
To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.

來委謝者,欲休息也。
When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.

兵怒而相迎,久而不合,又不相去,必謹察之。
If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.

兵非貴益多也,惟無武進,足以并力料敵取人而已。
If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.

夫惟無慮而易敵者,必擒于人。
He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.

卒未親而罰之,則不服,不服則難用。卒已親附而罰不行,則不可用。
If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.

故合之以文,齊之以武,是謂必取。
Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.

令素行以教其民,則民服﹔令素不行以教其民,則民不服。
If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.

令素行者,与眾相得也。
If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.

【注:】:“翳”加“”頭。:﹝垂瓦﹞。:﹝翕﹞。


地形第十
X. Terrain

孫子曰:地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。
Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.

我可以往,彼可以來,曰通。
Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.

通形者,先居高陽,利糧道,以戰則利。
With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.

可以往,難以返,曰挂。
Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.

挂形者,敵無備,出而胜之,敵若有備,出而不胜,難以返,不利。
From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.

我出而不利,彼出而不利,曰支。
When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.

支形者,敵雖利我,我無出也,引而去之,令敵半出而擊之利。
In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.

隘形者,我先居之,必盈之以待敵。
With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.

若敵先居之,盈而勿從,不盈而從之。
Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.

險形者,我先居之,必居高陽以待敵﹔
With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.

若敵先居之,引而去之,勿從也。
If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.

遠形者,勢均難以挑戰,戰而不利。
If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.

凡此六者,地之道也,將之至任,不可不察也。
These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.

凡兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者,非天地之災,將之過也。
Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout.

夫勢均,以一擊十,曰走﹔
Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.

卒強吏弱,曰馳﹔吏強卒弱,曰陷﹔
When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.

大吏怒而不服,遇敵懟而自戰,將不知其能,曰崩﹔
When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin.

將弱不嚴,教道不明,吏卒無常,陳兵縱橫,曰亂﹔
When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization.

將不能料敵,以少合眾,以弱擊強,兵無選鋒,曰北。
When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout.

凡此六者,敗之道也,將之至任,不可不察也。
These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.

夫地形者,兵之助也。料敵制胜,計險隘遠近,上將之道也。
The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general

知此而用戰者必胜,不知此而用戰者必敗。
He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.

故戰道必胜,主曰無戰,必戰可也﹔戰道不胜,主曰必戰,無戰可也。
If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding.

故進不求名,退不避罪,唯民是保,而利于主,國之寶也。
The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.

視卒如嬰兒,故可以与之赴深溪﹔視卒如愛子,故可与之俱死。
Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.

厚而不能使,愛而不能令,亂而不能治,譬若驕子,不可用也。
If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.

知吾卒之可以擊,而不知敵之不可擊,胜之半也﹔
If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.

知敵之可擊,而不知吾卒之不可以擊,胜之半也﹔
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
知敵之可擊,知吾卒之可以擊,而不知地形之不可以戰,胜之半也。
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.

故知兵者,動而不迷,舉而不窮。
Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.

故曰:知彼知己,胜乃不殆﹔知天知地,胜乃可全。
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.


九地第十一
XI. The Nine Situations

孫子曰:用兵之法,有散地,有輕地,有爭地,有交地,有衢地,有重地,有泛地,有圍地,有
死地。
Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.

諸侯自戰其地者,為散地﹔
When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.

入人之地不深者,為輕地﹔
When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.

我得亦利,彼得亦利者,為爭地﹔
Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.

我可以往,彼可以來者,為交地﹔
Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.

諸侯之地三屬,先至而得天下眾者,為衢地﹔
Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.

入人之地深,背城邑多者,為重地﹔
When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.

山林、險阻、沮澤,凡難行之道者,為泛地﹔
Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.

所由入者隘,所從歸者迂,彼寡可以擊吾之眾者,為圍地﹔
Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.

疾戰則存,不疾戰則亡者,為死地。
Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.

是故散地則無戰,輕地則無止,爭地則無攻,
On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.

交地則無絕,衢地則合交,
On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.

重地則掠,泛地則行,
On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.

圍地則謀,死地則戰。
On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.

古之善用兵者,能使敵人前后不相及,眾寡不相恃,貴賤不相救,上下不相收,
Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.

卒离而不集,兵合而不齊。
When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.

合于利而動,不合于利而止。
When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.

敢問敵眾而整將來,待之若何曰:先奪其所愛則聽矣。
If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."

兵之情主速,乘人之不及。由不虞之道,攻其所不戒也。
Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.

凡為客之道,深入則專。主人不克,
The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.




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