送交者: sac 于 June 05, 2003 16:54:59:

掠于饒野，三軍足食。
Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.

謹養而勿勞，并气積力，運兵計謀，為不可測。
Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.

投之無所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人盡力。
Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.

兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則斗。
Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.

是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信，
Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.

禁祥去疑，至死無所之。
Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.

吾士無余財，非惡貨也﹔無余命，非惡壽也。
If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.

令發之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者涕交頤，投之無所往，諸、劌之勇也。
On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.

故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。
The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both.

敢問兵可使如率然乎？曰可。夫吳人与越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟而遇風，其相救也如左右手。
Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.

是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也﹔
Hence it is not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground

齊勇如一，政之道也﹔
The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.

剛柔皆得，地之理也。
How to make the best of both strong and weak--that is a question involving the proper use of ground.

故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。
Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.

將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治，
It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.

能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知﹔
He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.

易其事，革其謀，使人無識﹔易其居，迂其途，使民不得慮。
By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.

帥与之期，如登高而去其梯﹔帥与之深入諸侯之地，而發其机。
At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.

若驅群羊，驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。
He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he is going.

聚三軍之眾，投之于險，此謂將軍之事也。
To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed the business of the general.

九地之變，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。
The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.

凡為客之道，深則專，淺則散。
When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.

去國越境而師者，絕地也﹔四徹者，衢地也﹔
When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.

入深者，重地也﹔入淺者，輕地也﹔
When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.

背固前隘者，圍地也﹔無所往者，死地也。
When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.

是故散地吾將一其志，輕地吾將使之屬，
Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.

爭地吾將趨其后，
On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.

交地吾將謹其守，交地吾將固其結，衢地吾將謹其恃，
On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.

重地吾將繼其食，泛地吾將進其途，
On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.

圍地吾將塞其闕，死地吾將示之以不活。
On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.

故兵之情：圍則御，不得已則斗，過則從。
For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.

是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交﹔不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍﹔不用鄉導，不能得地利。
We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.

四五者，一不知，非霸王之兵也。
To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.

夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚﹔威加于敵，則其交不得合。
When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.

是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加于敵，則其城可拔，其國可隳。
Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms.

施無法之賞，懸無政之令。犯三軍之眾，若使一人。
Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man.

犯之以事，勿告以言﹔犯之以害，勿告以利。
Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.

投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。
Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.

夫眾陷于害，然后能為胜敗。
For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.

故為兵之事，在順詳敵之意，
Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.

并敵一向，千里殺將，
By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.

是謂巧能成事。
This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.

是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使，
On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.

厲于廊廟之上，以誅其事。
Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.

敵人幵闔，必亟入之，
If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.

先其所愛，微与之期，
Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.

踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。
Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.

是故始如處女，敵人幵戶﹔后如脫兔，敵不及拒。
At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.

火攻第十二
XII. The Attack by Fire

孫子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，五曰火隊。
Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.

行火必有因，因必素具。
In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.

發火有時，起火有日。
There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration.

時者，天之燥也。日者，月在箕、壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者，風起之日也。
The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.

凡火攻，必因五火之變而應之：
In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments:

火發于內，則早應之于外﹔
(1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp, respond at once with an attack from without.

火發而其兵靜者，待而勿攻，
(2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.

极其火力，可從而從之，不可從則上。
(3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.

火可發于外，無待于內，以時發之，
(4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment.

火發上風，無攻下風，
(5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward.

晝風久，夜風止。
A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls.

凡軍必知五火之變，以數守之。
In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.

故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強。
Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence; those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.

水可以絕，不可以奪。
By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings.

夫戰胜攻取而不惰其功者凶，命曰“費留”。
Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation.

故曰：明主慮之，良將惰之，
Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources.

非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。
Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.

主不可以怒而興師，將不可以慍而攻戰。
No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.

合于利而動，不合于利而上。
If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are.

怒可以复喜，慍可以复說，
Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content.

亡國不可以复存，死者不可以复生。
But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.

故明主慎之，良將警之。此安國全軍之道也。
Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact.

用間第十三
XIII. The Use of Spies

孫子曰：凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費，公家之奉，日費千金，內外騷動，怠于道路，不得
操事者，七十萬家。
Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways. As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labor.

相守數年，以爭一日之胜，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也，
Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity.

非民之將也，非主之佐也，非胜之主也。
One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no master of victory.

故明君賢將所以動而胜人，成功出于眾者，先知也。
Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.

先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可驗于度，
Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.

必取于人，知敵之情者也。
Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only be obtained from other men.

故用間有五：有因間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。
Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.

五間俱起，莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。
When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign's most precious faculty.

鄉間者，因其鄉人而用之﹔
Having local spies means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district.

內間者，因其官人而用之﹔
Having inward spies, making use of officials of the enemy.

反間者，因其敵間而用之﹔
Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's spies and using them for our own purposes.

死間者，為誑事于外，令吾聞知之而傳于敵間也﹔
Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know of them and report them to the enemy.

生間者，反報也。
Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy's camp.

故三軍之事，莫親于間，賞莫厚于間，事莫密于間，
Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved.

非圣賢不能用間，
Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity.

非仁義不能使間，
They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness.

非微妙不能得間之實。
Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports.

微哉微哉！無所不用間也。
Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business.

間事未發而先聞者，間与所告者兼死。
If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.

凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻，人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。
Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.

敵間之來間我者，因而利之，導而舍之，故反間可得而用也﹔
The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted spies and available for our service.

因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也﹔
It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.

因是而知之，故死間為誑事，可使告敵﹔
It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.

因是而知之，故生間可使如期。
Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appointed occasions.

五間之事，主必知之，知之必在于反間，故反間不可不厚也。
The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality.

昔殷之興也，伊摯在夏﹔周之興也，呂牙在殷。
Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served under the Yin.

故明君賢將，能以上智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。
Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve great results. Spies are a most important element in water, because on them depends an army's ability to move.